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Lead

Lead

C
Aluminum Silicate Hydroxide
Al2Si2O5(OH)4

Lead is a poisonous metal that can damage nervous connections and cause blood and brain disorders.

The History Says
Lead has been used by humans for at least 7000 years.

The Present Scenario
Lead is a major constituent of the Lead-acid battery used extensively in car batteries.


As a mineral, lead is very rare, though the element itself is somewhat common. Element lead occurs in concentration of about 13 parts per billion in the Earth's crust. Element lead do not form crystals of its own, hence the mineral lead is only rarely seen. Lead has been found with gold in placer deposits and in not so usual metamorphosed limestones and marbles. It is very soft and capable of being scratched by a fingernail.

Physical Properties of Lead

Color Light-gray to slightly bluish-gray.
Streak Light-gray. Streak shiny.
Hardness 1.5
Transparency Opaque
Specific gravity 11.3
Luster Metallic
Cleavage None
Fracture Hackly
Tenacity Malleable, ductile, and sectile.
Density 11.4 gm/cm3

Chemical Properties of Lead

Melting point 600.65 K
Boiling point 2013 K
Heat of vapor 177.7 kJ/mol
Heat of fusion 4.799 kJ/mol
Specific heat 0.13 J/gm K

Atomic Properties of Lead

Atomic number 82
Atomic mass 207.2 u
Atomic radius 1.47 A
Electron configuration (Xe)4f145d106s26p2
Covalent radius 1.81 A
Atomic volume 18.17 cm3/mol
Stable isotopes 4
Electronegativity 2.33

Uses of Lead

  • In ammunition.
  • As oxides in glass and ceramics.
  • In metal casting.
  • As sheet lead.
  • As covering for cable.
  • As caulking lead.
  • In brass and bronze billets.
  • In bearing metals.











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